Tuesday, December 31, 2019
12 French Verbs You Might Not Be Using
Even after nearly a decade of French classes and numerous visits to France, there were some verbs that I didnt use until I moved here and was immersed in the language and culture. Some I had never learned, while others just seemed unusual or unnecessary. In case youre in the same boat, here are a dozen French verbs that I find essential in France, even if my French teachers didnt seem to think so.AssumerTo be fair, assumer is not a verb that I use every day, but I sure hear it a lot, especially in movies and TV shows. It doesnt mean to assume as in to take something for granted (the French translation of that meaning is prà ©sumer), but rather to assume / take on responsbility for something. So its very common in dramatic scenarios, like when one character does something wrong and another character tells him to accept the consequences.   Aprà ¨s son accident, jai dà » assumer le rà ´le de mon collà ¨gue.   After his accident, I had to take on / assume my collea gues role.   Cest toi qui las fait, alors assume !   You did it, so accept the consequences!Conjugating assumer | Using assumerSe dà ©brouillerIts funny that I only learned this verb after Id been studying French for many years, because se dà ©brouiller is perfect for describing less than perfect language skills. Possible translations include to get by, to manage, to cope. Se dà ©brouiller can also refer to getting by in non-language situations, and the non-reflexive dà ©brouiller means to untangle, to sort out.   Il se dà ©brouille bien en franà §ais.   He gets by fairly well in French, He speaks fairly good French.   Tu te dà ©brouilles trà ¨s bien.   You do very well for yourself, You make a good living.Conjugating dà ©brouiller | Using dà ©brouillerFaillirI love the verb faillir, partly because its not equivalent to a verb in English, but rather an adverb: to almost (do something).   Jai failli manquer l autobus.   I almost missed the bus.   Elle a failli tomber ce matin.   She nearly fell this morning.Conjugating faillir | Using faillirFicherFicher has a number of different meanings and uses. In the normal register, ficher means to file or to stick/drive (something) into (something). Informally, ficher means to do, to give, to put, and more.   Il a dà ©jà fichà © les documents.   He already filed the documents.   Mais quest-ce que tu fiches, là  ?   What the heck are you doing?Conjugating ficher | Using ficherIgnorerIgnorer is another great French verb that needs an adverb in the English translation: to not know. Sure, you can also say ne pas savoir, but ignorer is shorter and somehow more elegant.   Jignore comment elle la fait.   I dont know how she did it.   Il prà ©tend ignorer pourquoi.   He claims not to know why.Conjugating ignorer | Using ignorerInstallerYou know in staller means to install, put in, set up, but it has additional meanings: to put up (e.g., curtains) and to furnish (a room). Sinstaller means to settle (into a lodging), to set oneself up, to sit down, or to take hold.   Tu as bien installà © ton appartement.   Youve furnished your apartment nicely.br/>   Nous nous sommes enfin installà ©s dans la nouvelle maison.   Were finally settled in the new home.Conjugating installer | Using installerRangerRanger means to arrange, tidy, put away - any sort of action related to putting things where they belong. (Please, no comments on why I didnt know this verb.)   Peux-tu maider à ranger la cuisine ?   Could you help me tidy up the kitchen?   Il a rangà © les documents dans le tiroir.   He put the documents away in the drawer.Conjugating ranger | Using rangerSe rà ©galerIts not surprising that the French have a verb, se rà ©galer, for talking about how delicio us something is, but what is unusual is that the subject of the verb in the English translation can be different. Note that se rà ©galer can also mean to have a good time, and that rà ©galer means either to treat someone to a meal or to regale someone with a story.   Je me suis rà ©galà © !   It was delicious! I had a delicious meal!   On sest bien rà ©galà © à la fà ªte.   We had a great time at the party.br/>Conjugating rà ©galer | Using rà ©galerRisquerYou likely use risquer to talk about risks, but what you might not know is that it can also be used for positive possibilities.   Attention, tu risques de tomber.   Careful, you might fall.   Je pense vraiment que notre à ©quipe risque de gagner.   I really think our team might win.Conjugating risquer | Using risquerTenirTenir is another verb with a whole host of meanings that you might not be aware of: to hold, keep, run (a business), take up (spa ce), and more.   Peux-tu tenir mon sac ?   Can you hold my bag?   Ses affaires tiennent pas mal de place.   His things take up a fair amount of space.Conjugating tenir | Using tenirTrierThe verb trier is used to talk about sorting everything from recyclables to baskets of fruit.   Il faut trier avant de recycler.   You have to sort (your garbage) before recycling (it).   Beaucoup de ces framboises sont pourries - aide-moi à les trier.   A lot of these raspberries are rotten - help me sort them (separate the good and bad ones).br/>Conjugating trier | Using trierTutoyerThe quintessential French verb, you can use tutoyer only when you think its time to take your relationships to the next level: switching from vous to tu. (And dont forget about its antonym vouvoyer.)   On peut se tutoyer ?   Can we use tu?   Normalement, on tutoie ses parents.   Normally, people use tu with the ir parents.Conjugating tutoyer | Using tutoyerRelated lessons:   Top 10 verbs   5 verbs you might be overusing
Monday, December 23, 2019
Essay about The Drinking Age Should Stay at 21 Outline
The Minimum National Drinking Age should remain at 21 I. Introduction: Starting in 1970 21 states reduced the minimum drinking age to 18. Another 8 reduced it to 19 or 20. However, these states noticed increases in alcohol-related fatalities among teenagers and young adults. As a result, of the 29 states that had lowered their drinking age, 24 raised the age again between 1976 and 1984. By 1984, only three states allowed 18-year-olds to drink all types of alcoholic liquor. The enactment of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 prompted states to raise their legal age for purchase or public possession of alcohol to 21 or risk losing millions in federal highway funds. The states who raised it were given highway funding by the†¦show more content†¦2. Teens with 18 year old friends can easily obtain the alcohol from them and possibly get into cars with these people VI. A. When teens drink alcohol, they are more likely to binge drink than people above the age of 21. 1. A 2007 by the substance abuse and mental health services administration found that 19 percent of 16 and 17 yea olds binge drink on alcohol each month. 2. 35 percent of people between the ages of 18 and 20 binge each month. VII. A. When Teens are not taught to drink in moderation they end up binge drink when they drink alcohol. 1. Many colleges aim to educate students about alochol consumption. 2. Alcohol Edu was installed in 450 colleges to instruct incoming freshman about the dangers of bingeing. VIII. A. Binge Drinking can lead to many car crash fatalities. 1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that binge drinking accounted for more than half of the 80,00 annual deaths associated with ecessive drinking 2. In 2011, 85 percent of all alcohol imapired driving arrests or accidents involved people who also reported binge drinking IX. Argument in support of position: The Institute for Creative Research ( ICR ) found hat 84 percent of teenagers suport keeping or raising the current drinking age. They are supportive of legislation thatShow MoreRelatedLowering the Drinking Age Would Reduce Tragedies and Secrets Essay1302 Words  | 6 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Gordy Bailey, was an 18 year old freshman at the University of Colorado at Boulder, after being at the university for only one month he joined a fraternity and had to undergo initiation where he had to drink 10 gallons on alcohol in 30 minutes. After going through this Bailey was incapacitated and was left alone to die on a sofa at the Frat house because nobody called for help. The members of the Fraternity ceased to call for helpRead MoreQuestions concerning criminal law Essay1639 Words  | 7 PagesOxford Journal of Legal studies, volume 24, No. 2 (2004), pp. 173-205). 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This stayed this way until after the Middle Ages. The wines made at that time had a low alcohol percentage and putrefied very quickly. In the late Middle Ages the Arabic’sRead MoreCoffee Culture17291 Words  | 70 Pagesmanagers and the barista for their answers to our questions. Finally we would like to thank the opponent group for their valuable criticism we would also like to take a moment and express our gratitude to the free software Skype that has enabled us to stay in touch despite the long distance between us. Mà ¥lilla, Dà ¼sseldorf, Helsingborg 2007-05-28 Emma Almqvist Barbara Hruzova Kajsa Olsson Abstract The Swedish coffee culture is changing and bringing new business opportunities for multinationalRead MoreEducation Barriers Of Poor Countries1971 Words  | 8 PagesCountries According to a new UNESCO policy paper 58 million children aged 6 to 11 are not receiving any education. Over 40% of these children will never enter a classroom (Unesco.org). In Afghanistan, President Hamid Karzai said, â€Å"almost half of school-age children do not have access to education. Some because of war or their schools have closed by the Taliban or others, or they do not have the ability to go to school†(Rawa.org). Pakistan has the world’s poorest education systems with 3 million childrenRead MoreEntertaiment Youth Club3677 Words  | 15 Pageswhich is a small, cozy, family owned club specializing in authentic and traditional acoustic jazz music. In addition to the music and the upscale atmosphere, youth club’s offers a wide selection of alcoholic beverages and appetizers. This plan outlines in the following pages, a renewed vision and strategic focus of what it will take to run a successful and profitable entertainment youth club’s is one of the only clubs in the KL area to consistently offer live music six nights a week, which givesRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words  | 72 Pageshowever, be noted though alcoholism and drug addiction are victimless crime, they do carry with them secondary victims such as family, dependents, friends etc. Alcoholism and Drug Addiction or habituation has been prevelant in most societies over the ages because of their allegedly pleasurable and relaxing effects or as a means of relieving physical tensions, fatigue and as stimulant to withstand advertise. However , with the unprecended expansion of pharmaceutical industry, the use, abuse and misuseRead MoreMarketing Strategy For Vincor s Project Twist3463 Words  | 14 PagesExecutive Summary The following plan outlines a marketing strategy for Vincor’s Project Twist which is the launch of a new alcoholic beverage in the refreshment category. The decision concerns details regarding the positioning and marketing issues such as labels, bottles, prices, carriers and flavours required to create a new refreshment beverage to bring forth in the market. Given that the environment of the refreshment category is vigorously shifting, it is extremely difficult to develop a product
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Porter Analysis of Starbucks Free Essays
I. Threats of Competitors Now a day, Starbucks is very well known in the market, so with this competitors are arising rampantly. Small coffee retail outlets are growing rapidly in America and it seems to be multiplying. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter Analysis of Starbucks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on the study of the Ivey Management, there are more than 3485 competitors in the market. All are coffee retailing or even cafe or with carts. In US, they have low barrier to entry in the retail specialty coffee market. This has resulted in a drastic increase in competition within the specialty coffee industry. The diversity among these competitors still remains very high but the grounds on which companies are still innovating and changing. As larger and larger companies enter the industry the strategic stakes become higher. An example of competitor is Caribou; they implemented an American Style cafe which is very suitable to the country while Starbucks implemented European Style which is new to the Americans yet somewhat not the same with their culture. II. Threat of New Entrants. Like what is said in the case study, the entry of barrier for coffee industry is very low. There are many potential new entrants like the once with no problem in capital as well as large or well-funded companies. Since the trend of specialty coffee is going up while basic coffee industry is going down, may are investing or starting a business of specialty coffee. Well, McDonald’s do want to invest on selling Starbucks Coffee which is a potential New Entrants who wanted to engage in coffee industry. III. Threats of Buyers. Due to premium coffee are with high cost, buyers tend to not buy specialty coffee. Another is consumption of coffee was reduced from 2-3 cups per day to 1. 7 cups per day only. Based on the study, appearance and development of the product affects the buying power of the customers. Another point is the new entrants offering low cost but quality coffee. This can greatly affect to the buying factor of the customers because there are certain amount allotted in buying beverages or an amount that fits their budget. Starbucks are serving high quality service yet high cost as well. On the other hand, health concerns are also a factor and a place where people can meet or relax when breaks. So Starbucks made its store suitable for relaxing as well as pleasing to the eyes of the customers. IV. Threat of Substitute For product substitutes, one can be water or on the grab sodas. Water is convenient for people as well as no harm in the body. This is a universal solvent where in people can get it for free in their house and bring it along with them. Another is on the grab sodas wherein they can buy it anywhere in a low price. Since coffee cannot be bought easily, people tend to buy the most convenient beverages which can substitute coffee. Another factor is the place or ambience of the shop, lower end coffee places or fast food chains can be a substitute also. V. Threat of Suppliers Since Starbucks is a big company, coffee bean suppliers are making moves to get Starbucks’ orders for coffee. These suppliers have no bargaining power because Starbucks can choose any suppliers available in the market. Another is due to the long process of acquiring the coffee beans, it takes a long time to produce coffee because the supply is short as well as the price of the coffee bean being sold is higher. One factor is the changing environment and fast innovations of technology, many developed a machine to have fast refining of coffee and this have a high bargaining power. Another is quality of the coffee bean being sold, since unforeseen events can happen, prices varies and can decrease the consumption of coffee. How to cite Porter Analysis of Starbucks, Papers
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Current Development in Accounting Thought †Myassignmenthelp.Com
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Friday, November 29, 2019
Arundel case study free essay sample
After a thorough investigation into the venture you are considering, we have the following data and analysis for your review. In order for you to make a more informed decision, we have also provided recommendations for this endeavor based off our findings. Throughout the entirety of this report, we have taken many different approaches to better survey this idea so you can make a more informed decision. We have formatted this formal report to be easy to understand, as well as, comprehensive. Analysis Methods Net Present Value Decision Tree Analysis Black-Scholes Model We used the above methods to determine the appropriate value of the option for the sequel rights under each scenario. This value can be looked at as the maximum price to pay, given that it is the highest value you can expect to earn. If the agreed upon per-film price exceeded the derived values, you will be out-of-the-money. Conclusion After carrying out each valuation approach, we found maximum price to pay per film was around the same under each method. We will write a custom essay sample on Arundel case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Method Maximum Per-Film Price (in millions) Net Present Value $4. 88 Decision Tree Analysis $4. 896 Black-Scholes Model $4. 56 We recommend not paying above $4. 56 million per film as given by the Black-Scholes model. This figure is the most conservative value we found throughout our real options analysis. Problem Statement The investment group, Arundel Partners, is seeking to create an innovative business where the ability to create and produce movie sequels is transformed into an option market. This will be achieved in two ways: buying the sequel rights to a film prior to the first movie being released, and purchasing an entire portfolio of films from major movie companies to achieve information symmetry. It is imperative that Arundel agrees on the sequel rights price prior to any movie being created. If they waited, the various production studios would have more information on hand about the possible success or failure of each film, causing the negotiated price to fluctuate unfairly. With the sequel rights and complete movie revenue data, Arundel can decide which movies will contribute to a profitable sequel and which will not. Successfully forming this business brings a number of problems to the surface. Arundel Partners must figure out how much money they should spend on each film in order to make a profit. In determining this figure, hypothesized sequel revenues are estimated based on the first film data. This is risky because they are just projected revenues, but they are being used to make multi-million dollar business decisions. Analysis of the Problem Net Present Value We set out to determine the Net Present Value per film for the hypothetical sequels. This figure could be viewed as the revenue (in millions) Arundel could expect to receive from the sequel of each of the 99 films purchased. It is important to note that they would not create a sequel for every movie; they would only create a sequel if it were profitable to do so. Exhibit 7 shows the expected present values and one-year holding period returns. First, we discounted the hypothetical sequel net inflows back to year three to match the period of the hypothetical sequel negative cost. We used an effective annual rate of 12. 36% to discount, derived from the given 6% semi-annual discount rate. Then we subtracted the year three negative costs from the year three net inflows, leaving us with the NPV in year three. There were 26 films with a positive NPV, which are shown in Table 1 of the Appendix. We then discounted the year three NPV back to year zero, when Arundel would be purchasing the portfolio of movies. This gave us a total NPV of $483. 2 million, which we divided by 99 (the total number of films being purchased) to find a NPV per film of $4. 88 million. Although this value is only made up of 26 films, they will be purchasing all 99 sequel rights. Using the Net Present Value analysis, Arundel should not pay more than $4. 88 million for each movie. Additionally, if they pay the suggested studio price of $2 million per film, they would make an estimated $2. 88 million per filmâ€â€a very profitable venture. Decision Tree Analysis We also used the binomial model to construct a decision tree to find the max value Arundel should pay for the sequel rights per movie. Using this method, the highest value they should pay is $4. 896 million. To set up the tree, we used the average net inflow of hypothetical sequels in year 4 (taken from Exhibit 7) of $21. 60 million and discounted it back to year 0 (1989) when the films were released. We discounted using 12. 36% again, the effective annual rate derived from the given 6% semi-annual discount rate. This gives us a value of $13. 53 million to start the net inflow tree (Appendix: Table 3). For our time variable, we are using 12 periods symbolizing the 12 months between the distribution of the first movie and the hypothetical sequel. We used a standard deviation of 1. 21, taken from the one-year return of the hypothetical sequel in Exhibit 7. We then found the U and D values to construct a 12 period binomial tree. 1 After creating this tree, we worked backwards to create a new tree illustrating the payoffs in each state to find the per film option price. We took the negative cost for the hypothetical sequel and discounted it back to year 2, the time that Arundel could decide to exercise the right to produce the sequel. We discounted it using the average 10-year risk free rate in 1992 (7. 03%). This cost is $21. 12. By subtracting the cost at exercise (effectively the strike price) from the present value of the net inflow at year 0, we determine the payoffs. 2 We continue to move backwards throughout the tree using risk neutral valuation (Table 4). Black-Scholes Model Additionally, we ran the Black-Scholes model to determine the price of the sequel options. We used $13. 55 as the present value of cash flows, taken from the average net inflows from year four and discounted back to year zero. This will symbolize the variable S in our real option analysis. The next variable, X, which is the cost of the project can be taken from of Exhibit 7. Since it is the investment, it is a fixed variable and does not need to be discounted, so the value of $22. 6 is used as the variable X. The volatility (? ) is also derived from Exhibit 7, as the standard deviation of the one-year return. We are using a time period of 1 year (T=1), which is the window of time the option can be exercised. We used the same risk free rate as in the binomial model of 7. 03%. Based off these variables, we ran the Black-Scholes model yielding a result of $4. 56 million per film. This is the fair price at which the studio should be willing to purchase the rights to a sequel of a film. Sensitivity Analysis Our scenario analysis (Table 5) reveals the effect that the risk free rate and the volatility have on the price of the call option of the sequels. By isolating the risk free rate we can see that a 10% increase in volatility leads to a $0. 5 million jump in the call price. However, when isolating the volatility, a 1% increase in the risk free rate leads to a $0. 03 million jump in the call price. Finally, our scenario analysis tells us that when valuing the call option one has to be aware of the impact of the risk free rate and volatility. Potential Problems Feasible Solutions Working with major movie studios, there are a number of problems Arundel faces in attempt to maintain positive relationships: It could be challenging to agree upon a payment structure due to conflicting interest amongst the studios and Arundel. When drafting the contract, a provision should be included regarding the payment structure. If the movie rights no longer belong to the movie studios they may put forth a lack-luster effort, because the financial success of this movie is no longer beneficial to them, creating a principal-agent problem. To avoid this problem, Arundel could add a bonus incentive paid to high grossing films. As stated earlier, the possibility of creating asymmetric information is a huge problem to Arundel. The longer they wait to buy the sequel rights, the more the production studio knows about the prospective success of this original movie. As they see interest grow for a particular movie, it may cause the studio to raise the price for the sequel rights. This would significantly affect Arundel returns. To combat this issue, it is imperative that Arundel buy these rights as early as possible to prevent the studios from having a means to charge higher prices. Recommendations We have determined that Arundel should not purchase the portfolio of sequel rights if it is more than $4. 56 million per film. Technically, the price could be as high as $4. 89 million, given by the binomial model; however, we will err on the side of caution to ensure the highest return possible. Paying any amount higher would cause Arundel to lose money on these options. The suggested studio price of $2 million per film should definitely be taken, allowing a profit of almost $3 million per film. Summary and Closing In closing, Arundel Partners can be a very successful and profitable firm. After carrying out the Net Present Value, Binomial Tree Model, and Black-Scholes Model, they can estimate making $4. 88, $4. 89, and $4. 56 million per film, respectively. This data gives them a minimum of $451. 44 million in revenue from the portfolio of 99 movies. If the suggested studio price of $2 million per film were agreed upon, the cost for the portfolio would only be $198 million, leaving $253. 44 million in profit. As long as Arundel agrees upon a price before any production of the first film begins, coincide on an appropriate pay structure, and add a premium to high grossing movies, they should avoid any problems with the movie production companies. All in all, Arundel Partners can expect to earn very high returns on their investments in the innovative movie sequel option market. Appendix Table 1 Net Present Value Calculation Studio/Movie Title PV of Net Inflows at Year 4a PV of Negative Cost at Year 3 One-Year Return NPV year 3 NPV year 0 MCA UNIVERSAL 1 Parenthood $76
Monday, November 25, 2019
Moby Dick essays
Moby Dick essays The novel Moby Dick is the story of how Ishmael the narrator came to set sail on a fateful whaling voyage. He travels to Nantucket, where he visits the docks to find a ship; he discovers the Pequod. As Ishmael and his friend Queequeg make their way to board the ship, they meet a haggard looking, wild-eyed man who calls himself Elijah. He warns them against sailing with the Pequod, and hints that there might be something to fear about their mysterious captain, Ahab. Although Ishmael has not yet met Ahab, he dismisses the Elijahs warning, and the two set sail with the Pequod on Christmas Day. Ishmael is introduced to the rest of the ships crew: the first mate, Starbuck, the second mate, Stubb, and the third mate, Flask. Finally, after several days at sea, the men meet their captain, Ahab: a fierce looking Nantucketer with a white streak in his hair leading to a scar down the side of his face, and with one false leg made of ivory. Ahab paces the deck, and does not talk to the men nearly at all ... until one day he nails a piece of Spanish gold to the main mast of the ship, announcing that whoever first spies a white whale will receive it as a reward. This white whale, called Moby Dick by Ahab, seems to cause him considerable anxiety; he reveals that it was Moby Dick who bit off his leg. The sailors seem excited at their potential reward, and vow to hunt Moby Dick to the death. Ahab, meanwhile, speaks to himself in terms that suggest his maniacal obsession with the Whale. As the Pequod continues on her course, Ahab grows more and more obsessed with finding and killing Moby Dick even holding a kind of black mass in which he uses the blood of his harpooneers to cool the blade of a new, deadly harpoon. In the closing chapters of the novel, Ahab heads the ship into a dangerous storm, allows most of her instruments to break down, and ultimately abandons any p ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Past management of intellectual property rights Essay
Past management of intellectual property rights - Essay Example It has taken centuries and these rights have faced drastic rates of dynamism and were until the 20th century that it became fully operational. The way they were managed therefore ion the past is not the way they are being managed in the current economic times. This paper seeks to assess the way intellectual property rights have been managed in the past. In light of the same, it will highlight the types of intellectual property rights and their management in the past as well as justified improvements that can be done for the future. This will create the difference between the past, present and expected future improvements. Past Management of Intellectual Property Rights Management of intellectual is a term that is holistic and is used to describe the process in which tracking the rights creation, licencing as well as their usage. According to the World international property organization, the treatment of each intellectual property is dependent on the efforts being made to preserve the cultural heritage of the specific nations that the rights are being applied (Elster, 2010, p. 24). Though they may have an international backing as far as application to the market is concerned, there is always the need to establish a unilateral management policy on all so that the basics of their maintenance in the market v are maintained. The flow of ideas is also never restricted to any international boundaries and therefore there is a very consistent view of the fact that there are very complex legal systems internationally to try and harmonize all the intellectual property rights from the different nations to suite the world market. Therefore, the past, management in general was based on the fact that each country had to satisfy its own interests, its requirements, limitations and the legal time in which the intellectual p roperty (IP) is going to be applicably necessary and valid. Patents Nicholas Luchi (2007) makes the traditional link between a patent and its registration with the government. He states that the registration takes more than one year to go through depending on the complexity of its making. A patent therefore is a grant under the issue of the government and bound by the law which allows its holder to exclude any other person or organization from commercial exploitation of the invention made (Lucchi, 2007, p. 18). The initial management is based on the application of the patent within territorial boundaries specific to the place where the invention was made and for a specific period of time. The management period originally according to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is 20 years. This shows that although there are specific regional laws concerning the property rights management, there are also universal laws set by the WTO to manage the patents since the application of these is sup posed to have a universal bearing. Under the current and past management laws, the patents are applicable to new industrially applicable inventions that take the form of machines, processes that are innovative and chemical composition. The management laws state that integration to the public is made through the subsequent conditions of patentability in existence at that moment and in line with the WTO guidelines. For instance, to safeguard the public domain, the applicant must always make application to make disclosure of the invention to the public so that there is mutual benefit and
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